In recent times, owing to the rapid growth of technologies and their significant impacts on economic, political and social spheres as well as the changing expectations of citizens, digital transformation in the public sector has become an imperative need. Governments act as the guardians of the society in harnessing and benefiting from digital transformation. However, despite this, there are challenges confronting the government that hinder it from playing such a role. According to the literature review and the lack of a comprehensive framework of the challenges of digital transformation in Iran's public sector, this study was conducted with the aim of analyzing the challenges facing Iran's public sector in establishing digital transformation. In this study, the qualitative content analysis method was employed to collect data and extract expert opinions from semi-structured interviews with 40 information technology specialists. Based on the findings, the challenges of digital transformation in Iran's government organizations can be categorized into four types: hardware challenges (information technology infrastructure and financial infrastructure), Software challenges (digital governance and the culture of digital transformation), human challenges (competencies of digital transformation custodians and digital citizenship competencies) and ecosystem challenges (ecosystem interactions and ecosystem capacity). This framework can be utilized by theorists and researchers as a guide for future studies on digital transformation in the public sector and provide useful guidelines for policymakers and government managers. Introduction In the last few years, the emergence of digital technologies such as the Internet of Things, big data, blockchain, cloud computing, artificial intelligence and machine learning has caused an unprecedented transformation in the government, industry and society. Industrial revolution 4.0 and society 5.0 have led governments to use technologies to improve services and the quality of public administration, and the governance process of societies in the digital age has changed significantly. Today, citizens expect services to be provided to them with speed, agility, flexibility and minimum cost. As a result, it is very important that the government has the ability to provide better services in the shortest time to the citizens in any geographical area. Therefore, government organizations as the executive arm of national governance should be in line with the needs and demands of citizens in search of new methods that bring continuous innovation in providing public services to citizens. One of these methods is the implementation of digital transformation, or in other words, the transition from the current electronic government to the digital government, which can be a way out of the current situation and a way to provide better public services. Today, any government that wants to move towards the realization of good governance must be equipped with a powerful tool such as digital government, the realization of which requires the implementation of digital transformation in the public sector. Unlike digitization, which focuses on the digitalization of services, digital transformation refers to the fundamental redesign and revision of public policies, processes, and services in order to create better value and user experiences Digital transformation helps governments to provide services that even in an era of challenges such as budget constraints, income inequality and geopolitical instability; It meets the changing expectations of citizens and businesses and also enables citizens to expand their interactions with governments, which ultimately can lead to increasing the resilience of a country's social and economic system. In this regard, digital government has received attention in all parts of the world and almost all developed countries have welcomed digital government policies and made technological innovations. Case study In Iran, measures in this direction, such as the digital transformation document, drafting and approving relevant laws and regulations in this area, such as clauses 12 and 15 of the general policies of the administrative system notified by the Supreme Leader, the second program (development of electronic government and administrative intelligence) of Administrative system reform program - second round approved by the Supreme Administrative Council and clauses 32 and 34 of the general policies of the sixth development plan and also clause 25 of the seventh plan have been carried out. However, the examination of the current state of digital government indicators and the results of studies on the development of e-government in Iran show that the public sector has not been able to move in this direction in sync with other countries and has remained unable to implement the digital transformation process. Considering the inappropriate position of the country in the state of digital government and considering that Iran's management system is struggling with many problems and issues; The role of digital transformation in the public sector in the direction of reforming Iran's administrative system and developing electronic government is undeniable. Considering the importance of the mentioned topic, it is necessary to carry out the required studies in this field in the country in order to carry out future plans. Although there have been studies in the field of digital transformation in the country digital transformation in Iran's public sector has not been addressed. Therefore, considering that the recognition of issues and problems is the main step of transformation, this research seeks to identify the challenges of digital transformation in the public sector, to implement it and implement structural reform programs in the administrative system. country and finally, help realize the digital government. Materials and Methods The present research is qualitative research and one of the categories of developmental studies, the purpose of which is to analyze the challenges of digital transformation in the public sector of Iran and provide a comprehensive framework. In order to achieve this goal, qualitative content analysis method with inductive approach has been used. In this research, interviews have been conducted with 40 IT professionals who are characterized by relevant education and their history of cooperation with government organizations in the field of digital transformation. Targeted non-probability and snowball (with maximum diversity) were used until reaching theoretical saturation, and finally theoretical saturation was achieved with 40 interviews. Discussion and Results The findings of this research show that the challenges of digital transformation in the public sector can be divided into four categories: hardware challenges (information technology infrastructure and financial infrastructure), Software challenges (digital governance) and the culture of digital transformation), man-made challenges (competencies of digital transformation custodians and digital citizenship competencies) and ecosystem challenges (ecosystem interactions and ecosystem capacity)". Conclusion In this research, through interviews with experts in this field, the challenges of digital transformation in Iran's public sector were divided into 4 themes: "hardware", "Software", "human Software" and "ecosystem".According to the findings, among the most important challenges that Iran's public sector is facing are information technology infrastructure and financial infrastructure, governance of digital transformation, culture of digital transformation, competencies of those in charge of digital transformation, digital competencies. Citizens and interactions and capacity of the ecosystem pointed out.

The main goal of reusing Software components is to produce new Software systems using existing components rather than building it from scratch. Component-based Software development is one of the most common approaches found today in different branches of engineering, but in Software engineering reusing components is still faced with numerous challenges. In order to increase efficiency and accelerate the adoption of component reuse in Software development, quantitative measurement of component reusability is necessary. In this regard, various models and metrics have been proposed, so it is important to review the research literature on this concept fairly and comprehensively. In this paper, we conducted a systematic review to identify and evaluate the methods that have been used for measuring component reusability and provide a new classification. Finally, based on the results of studies carried out, some of the relating challenges and issues have been introduced.

Copy - right has been initially used in cultural and art industries. From that time there have been two different approaches to the matter: the commercial - economic approach which is concerned with the rights of suppliers and investors; and the other approach, the cultural one, which is especially concerned with the rights of author. First approach is rooted in Anglo - American countries, while the other is originally French. Expansion of the computer market, and separating Software and hardware markets caused to the so - called velvet - rubbery, which refers to the illegal reproduction in the market. Therefore, there were some struggles all over the world to protect rights of their producers. In present study, beside the domestic and international difficulties these strategies would encounter, this article has reviewed different strategies to face this challenge.

According to the law of many countries, including Iran, a computer programs are protected in intellectual property system in the form of literary or artistic works or patent; It may also be governed by a sui generies system. Patenting a computer program technically and legally requires conditions and has many economic and administrative consequences that are problematic. The patent requirements of a computer program are the same as for patents, in whole, and has virtually no barriers except in the case of an industrial application. In foreign judicial systems, the technical effect of the program is considered as a condition for industrial use; In Iran, in order to avoid the problems, with the help of technical effect, it is possible to separate the types of programs and give protection to the programs that have been published with their appropriate hardware. However, the extra-legal challenges of patent for the computer program remain. In this article, while introducing the patent system and applying it to the computer program, we examine these challenges and try to provide the right way to legislate and at least to interpret the rulings to play a role in the development of this aspect of technology.

In this article, the challenges of Software development in the agile method were examined by focusing on non-functional requirements. Non-functional requirements are an important research area that mainly occurs due to the frequency of project failures caused by ignoring the qualitative characteristics related to user values. In the investigations carried out, the increase in development cost and time, the decrease in system flexibility, the increase in complexity and the problems of maintenance and subsequent development, and finally the increase in security risks and Software errors, including the damage of neglecting non-functional requirements, have been identified. Effective coordination and cooperation between development groups and other stakeholders have also been identified. It is very important. By following the best practices and non-functional requirements management methods, you can have a significant improvement in the Software development process in an agile way with higher accuracy and quality. The study field of Software engineering is considered as one of the attractive and practical fields. Undoubtedly, the research conducted in this field will expand day by day and will provide better results. Among the proposed fields for further relevant studies in this field, we can mention the examination of agile management models and methods and improvement of development processes.

IoT is a technology of interaction and communication between tools, whereby the embedded protocols and Software on a hardware processor enable the communication of these tools with one another, the human agent and the assigned tasks. For Software or protocol to be capable of being registered, it must have practical application and innovative properties relative to its species. Because of the nature and quality of the design of protocols and electronic Software, the design of such cases for a smart instrument, although overlapping with similar variants, shall not be regarded as infringing the copyright of the original work. The mechanism for registering items stated in the US legal system is governed by two mechanisms: InterParts (request for registration of designated items if there are legal requirements) and Post-Grant (quality of claim processing and objections to designated items).

The purpose of this qualitative research is to identify the most important challenges and opportunities of virtual education for children aged seven to 11 years in schools from communication perspective. In this study, in-depth interview has been used. The data were collected using semi-structured questionnaire and were analyzed through thematic analysis. The statistical population includes teachers, specialists in education, children, psychology and communication, selected via purposeful sampling method 12 members of whom were selected until reaching theoretical saturation. The reliability and validity of the research were analyzed through Kendall’, s coefficient of concordance and recodification, and were approved. Based on the results, the platforms of emotional communication, perceptual communication, the rate of sending and receiving feedback between the teacher and the student, reciprocal communication interactions between the teacher and the student, as well as among the students, have decreased in the virtual education of SHAD Software compared to face-to-face education. The most important suggestions to reduce these communication challenges in the virtual education of SHAD Software in the country are increasing the intimacy between the teacher and the student using the efficient teachers, using specialized and new methods of virtual education, more attempt of teachers to get instant verbal and non-verbal feedback from the students during the virtual education through SHAD Software, using new styles and methods of validation and evaluation of the students and increasing the reciprocal communication between teacher and student both in real and in virtual form. Moreover, the capacity to help establish more educational justice in the country by overcoming geographical limitations and physical facilities of education in the country and helping to increase students’,media and digital literacy is one of the most important positive points of virtual education in the country.